Why Is the Magnetic North Pole Moving Closer to Russia?

For centuries, the magnetic north pole steadily tracked along Canada’s northern shore. But in recent decades, it has taken a new path, accelerating across the Arctic Ocean toward Russia’s Siberia province at varying speeds that have puzzled scientists.

The magnetic north pole is the direction in which compass needles point, which is not to be confused with the geographic North Pole, or ‘True North’—a fixed point where all longitude lines intersect and which serves as Earth’s rotational axis.

Why Is the Magnetic North Moving?

The key to this mysterious movement lies deep within our planet, about 2,000 miles below the surface.

The Earth’s magnetic field is generated by “a big, chaotic and turbulent ball of molten iron” in the planet’s core, William Brown, a global geomagnetic field modeler at the British Geological Survey (BGS), told The Independent.

Newsweek contacted the BGS via email for comment.

This liquid metal circulates as heat escapes from the Earth’s core, creating our planet’s magnetic field.

The unpredictable fluctuations in this molten iron’s churning patterns directly influence the magnetic pole’s location.

While scientists can monitor these changes, predicting future movements remains challenging due to the chaotic nature of these deep-Earth processes.

The BGS, along with other organizations, has geomagnetic observatories all over the world designed to precisely measure the Earth’s magnetic field and pinpoint the poles.

Where Is the Magnetic North Pole Currently Located?

The magnetic north pole’s journey has shown dramatic changes in speed and direction over recent decades. After remaining relatively stable along the Canadian Arctic for centuries, it entered the Arctic Ocean in the 1990s and began its march toward Siberia.

The pole’s movement has varied significantly:

• From 1600 to 1990: Moved approximately 10-15 kilometers (roughly 6 to 9 miles) per year
• Early 2000s: Accelerated to roughly 55 kilometers (about 34 miles) annually
• Past five years: Slowed to about 25 kilometers (15.5 miles) per year.

This movement is tracked by the World Magnetic Model, a collaborative effort between the British Geological Survey and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

The model’s importance extends beyond scientific interest: it’s crucial for navigation systems worldwide, from smartphone compasses to military submarines operating in Arctic waters.

But where the north pole will go next is a mystery.

“The north pole might very well change course—and/or slow down or accelerate—at some point in the near future,” Arnaud Chulliat, a geophysicist affiliated with the University of Colorado Boulder and the NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, previously told Newsweek.

This uncertainty means that the World Magnetic Model must be updated every five years. With the last version released in 2019, a new model is set to come out in the coming months.

“We really cannot predict well how the field will change beyond 10 years at present,” Ciaran Beggan, a geophysicist with the BGS, previously told Newsweek.

“So I cannot say whether the dip pole will ever reach Siberia as it might stop and reverse in a decade’s time.”

Do you have a tip on a science story that Newsweek should be covering? Do you have a question about the magnetic poles? Let us know via science@newsweek.com.